Introduction

       Throughout the selected stories for each unit, there are many common threads. These include—but are not limited to—identity, control, isolation, death, and family dynamics. One common thread that is particularly interesting to study is the role expectations have to play in the development of the characters and the storylines. In most instances, the expectations are left unmet. In a few, however, certain expectations are met at the expense of other expectations. Rather unfortunately, but at the same time all too realistically, not a single one of these stories contain a scenario in which every expectation is met—whether barely or with flying colors.

        The expectations can come from many different sources. Whether they are expectations placed upon one's own self, or expectations held by family members, society, or larger organizations, the pressure to measure up is real across the board. They influence the character's actions, thoughts, and words, which in turn affect other characters and their own situations and circumstances. One character's failure to measure up almost always negatively affects at least one other character, either by making them feel as though they also did not measure up to some expectations held for them, or by simply punishing them unfairly for something they could not have possibly merited.

        In an attempt to measure up to expectations, characters often change their behaviors and alter their priorities, at least temporarily. This can lead to an even greater sense of failure, as the character must now wrestle with feelings of guilt, shame, and confusion surrounding their sacrifice of morals, beliefs, or other closely held values they once considered themselves to hold. This inner turmoil adds to the external struggle, which then develops the characters, which ultimately creates the captivating storyline. All of these causes and effects are visible throughout the individual short stories, each in their own way.